[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":295},["ShallowReactive",2],{"publication-2026\u002Fdual-frequency-side-scan-sonar-image-fusion-for-deep-learning-based-underwater-t-en":3,"publication-members":62},{"_path":4,"_dir":5,"_draft":6,"_partial":6,"_locale":7,"title":8,"description":9,"_hidden":6,"authors":10,"authors_orcid":21,"year":28,"doi":29,"openalex_id":30,"venue":31,"abstract_screenshot":25,"keywords":32,"body":42,"_type":55,"_id":56,"_source":57,"_file":58,"_stem":59,"_extension":60,"locale":61},"\u002Fpublications\u002F2026\u002Fdual-frequency-side-scan-sonar-image-fusion-for-deep-learning-based-underwater-t","2026",false,"","Dual Frequency Side Scan Sonar Image Fusion for Deep‐Learning Based Underwater Target Detection","ABSTRACT Side‐scan sonar is essential for underwater observation and seabed target detection, yet traditional single‐frequency systems must compromise between imaging resolution and detection range. For object detection tasks, high‐frequency sonar yields finer details contributed by stronger scattering and higher contrast but suffers from limited coverage due to heavier attenuation, whereas low‐frequency sonar covers wider areas yet offers poorer small‐target visibility. To overcome these trade‐offs and the challenges of strong speckle noise, target–shadow coupling and resolution variation, this study proposes a dual‐frequency detection model named D 2 FNet (dual‐domain fusion network). D 2 FNet integrates three key modules: (1) a union domain attention (UDA) module for preliminary dual‐frequency fusion via ResNet‐50 and a transformer encoder; (2) a cross‐domain attention (CDA) module for enhanced feature interaction across frequency domains; and (3) a target–shadow pairing (TSP) module that embeds sonar imaging priors through local window attention to suppress false alarms and improve localisation confidence. Based on a newly constructed dual‐frequency side‐scan sonar dataset containing over 9000 paired images from sea trials, D 2 FNet significantly outperforms single‐frequency and baseline fusion models in mAP metrics, demonstrating its effectiveness for high‐precision underwater target detection.",[11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20],"Xian, Jiajun","Li, Liming","Zhang, Fan","Wu, Yingying","Zang, Weilin","Xu, Lingji","Yao, Hongxun","Rushworth, Adam","Herrmann, J. Michael","Song, Sanming",[22,23,24,25,26,25,25,27,25,25],"0000-0002-0542-3913","0000-0002-3770-5675","0000-0001-5894-3237",null,"0000-0003-0357-9436","0000-0003-3803-7549",2026,"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1049\u002Frsn2.70122","W7128489891","IET Radar Sonar & Navigation",[33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41],"Sonar","Underwater","Marine mammals and sonar","Synthetic aperture sonar","Side-scan sonar","Speckle noise","Sensor fusion","Image fusion","Object detection",{"type":43,"children":44,"toc":52},"root",[45],{"type":46,"tag":47,"props":48,"children":49},"element","p",{},[50],{"type":51,"value":9},"text",{"title":7,"searchDepth":53,"depth":53,"links":54},2,[],"markdown","content:publications:2026:dual-frequency-side-scan-sonar-image-fusion-for-deep-learning-based-underwater-t.md","content","publications\u002F2026\u002Fdual-frequency-side-scan-sonar-image-fusion-for-deep-learning-based-underwater-t.md","publications\u002F2026\u002Fdual-frequency-side-scan-sonar-image-fusion-for-deep-learning-based-underwater-t","md","en",[63,72,76,82,85,95,99,106,108,116,120,132,136,145,149,156,158,165,167,174,176,183,185,192,194,205,209,218,221,232,236,245,248,256,258,280],{"_path":64,"title":65,"name":66,"role":67,"email":7,"image":68,"category":69,"order":70,"_id":71},"\u002Fmembers\u002Falumni\u002Frui-li","Research Assistant from Oct.,2023 to June.,2024","Rui Li","Research Assistant (Alumni)","\u002Fimages\u002Fdefault.jpg","alumni","17","content:members:alumni:rui-li.md",{"_path":64,"title":73,"role":74,"_id":75},"科研助理，2023 年 10 月至 2024 年 6 月","科研助理（校友）","content:members:alumni:rui-li.zh-CN.md",{"_path":77,"title":78,"name":79,"role":67,"email":7,"image":68,"category":69,"order":80,"_id":81},"\u002Fmembers\u002Falumni\u002Fyuhao-shi","Research Assistant from Feb.,2023 to Nov.,2024","Yuhao Shi","18","content:members:alumni:yuhao-shi.md",{"_path":77,"title":83,"role":74,"_id":84},"科研助理，2023 年 2 月至 2024 年 11 月","content:members:alumni:yuhao-shi.zh-CN.md",{"_path":86,"title":87,"name":88,"role":89,"email":90,"image":91,"category":92,"order":93,"_id":94},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fresearch-assistants\u002Fhang-xu","Research Assistant - B.Sc student in Computer Science","Hang Xu","Research Assistant","hang.xu@nottingham.edu.cn","assets\u002Fhangxu.jpg","research-assistants","14","content:members:research-assistants:hang-xu.md",{"_path":86,"title":96,"role":97,"_id":98},"科研助理 - 计算机科学本科生","科研助理","content:members:research-assistants:hang-xu.zh-CN.md",{"_path":100,"title":89,"name":101,"role":89,"email":102,"image":103,"category":92,"order":104,"_id":105},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fresearch-assistants\u002Fxing-hou","Xing Hou","xing.hou@nottingham.edu.cn","assets\u002Fxinghou.png","15","content:members:research-assistants:xing-hou.md",{"_path":100,"title":97,"role":97,"_id":107},"content:members:research-assistants:xing-hou.zh-CN.md",{"_path":109,"title":110,"name":111,"role":112,"email":113,"image":68,"category":92,"order":114,"_id":115},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fresearch-assistants\u002Fxiuqi-wang","Intern Research Assistant - B.Sc student in Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering","Xiuqi Wang","Intern Research Assistant","xiuqi.wang@nottingham.edu.cn","16","content:members:research-assistants:xiuqi-wang.md",{"_path":109,"title":117,"role":118,"_id":119},"实习科研助理 - 电气与电子工程系本科生","实习科研助理","content:members:research-assistants:xiuqi-wang.zh-CN.md",{"_path":121,"title":122,"name":123,"role":124,"email":125,"scholar":126,"image":127,"category":128,"order":129,"orcid":130,"_id":131},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fresearch-students\u002Ffuhua-jia","PhD Student, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering","Fuhua Jia","PhD Student","Fuhua.JIA@nottingham.edu.cn","https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fcitations?user=Zz2ccJ4AAAAJ&hl","assets\u002Fjiafuhua.png","research-students","09","0009-0002-6693-9371","content:members:research-students:fuhua-jia.md",{"_path":121,"title":133,"role":134,"_id":135},"博士研究生，机械、材料与制造工程系","博士研究生","content:members:research-students:fuhua-jia.zh-CN.md",{"_path":137,"title":138,"name":139,"role":140,"email":141,"image":142,"category":128,"order":143,"_id":144},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fresearch-students\u002Fhao-wang","Master by Research Student, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering","Hao Wang","Master by Research Student","hao.wang@nottingham.edu.cn","assets\u002Fwanghao.png","12","content:members:research-students:hao-wang.md",{"_path":137,"title":146,"role":147,"_id":148},"科研硕士研究生，机械、材料与制造工程系","科研硕士研究生","content:members:research-students:hao-wang.zh-CN.md",{"_path":150,"title":122,"name":151,"role":124,"email":152,"image":153,"category":128,"order":154,"_id":155},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fresearch-students\u002Fjunlin-xiao","Junlin Xiao","junlin.xiao@nottingham.edu.cn","assets\u002Fjunlin-xiao.jpg","10","content:members:research-students:junlin-xiao.md",{"_path":150,"title":133,"role":134,"_id":157},"content:members:research-students:junlin-xiao.zh-CN.md",{"_path":159,"title":122,"name":160,"role":124,"email":161,"image":162,"category":128,"order":163,"_id":164},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fresearch-students\u002Fliming-li","Liming Li","Liming.Li@nottingham.edu.cn","assets\u002Fliming-li.jpg","11","content:members:research-students:liming-li.md",{"_path":159,"title":133,"role":134,"_id":166},"content:members:research-students:liming-li.zh-CN.md",{"_path":168,"title":122,"name":169,"role":124,"email":170,"image":171,"category":128,"order":172,"_id":173},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fresearch-students\u002Fmengshen-yang","Mengshen Yang","Mengshen.Yang@nottingham.edu.cn","assets\u002Fyangmengshen.png","07","content:members:research-students:mengshen-yang.md",{"_path":168,"title":133,"role":134,"_id":175},"content:members:research-students:mengshen-yang.zh-CN.md",{"_path":177,"title":138,"name":178,"role":140,"email":179,"image":180,"category":128,"order":181,"_id":182},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fresearch-students\u002Fruoxu-xiao","Ruoxu Xiao","ruoxu.Xiao@nottingham.edu.cn","assets\u002Fruoxuxiao.jpg","13","content:members:research-students:ruoxu-xiao.md",{"_path":177,"title":146,"role":147,"_id":184},"content:members:research-students:ruoxu-xiao.zh-CN.md",{"_path":186,"title":122,"name":187,"role":124,"email":188,"image":189,"category":128,"order":190,"_id":191},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fresearch-students\u002Ftianyi-chen","Tianyi Chen","Tianyi.Chen@nottingham.edu.cn","assets\u002Fchentianyi.png","08","content:members:research-students:tianyi-chen.md",{"_path":186,"title":133,"role":134,"_id":193},"content:members:research-students:tianyi-chen.zh-CN.md",{"_path":195,"title":196,"name":197,"role":198,"email":199,"scholar":200,"image":201,"category":202,"order":203,"orcid":27,"_id":204},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Fadam-rushworth","Associate Professor in Materials and Manufacturing, PGCHE","Dr Adam Rushworth","Deputy Director of Control System Lab","Adam.Rushworth@nottingham.edu.cn","https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fcitations?user=XvRnzQYAAAAJ&hl","assets\u002Fadam-rushworth.webp","staff","02","content:members:staff:adam-rushworth.md",{"_path":195,"title":206,"role":207,"_id":208},"材料与制造副教授，PGCHE","控制系统实验室副主任","content:members:staff:adam-rushworth.zh-CN.md",{"_path":210,"title":211,"name":212,"role":211,"email":213,"scholar":214,"image":215,"category":202,"order":216,"_id":217},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Fahmed-abdelwahed","Assistant Professor","Dr Ahmed Nasr Abdelwahed","Ahmed.Abdelwahed@nottingham.edu.cn","https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fcitations?hl=zh-CN&user=9cCVF5cAAAAJ","assets\u002Fahmed.webp","06","content:members:staff:ahmed-abdelwahed.md",{"_path":210,"title":219,"role":219,"_id":220},"助理教授","content:members:staff:ahmed-abdelwahed.zh-CN.md",{"_path":222,"title":223,"name":224,"role":225,"email":226,"scholar":227,"image":228,"category":202,"order":229,"orcid":230,"_id":231},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Fchiew-foong-kwong","Head of Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering","Dr Chiew Foong Kwong","Associate Professor, Head of Department","Chiew-Foong.Kwong@nottingham.edu.cn","https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fcitations?user=DiX0phAAAAAJ&hl=zh-CN&oi=ao","assets\u002Fcf.jpg","03","0000-0001-7857-511X","content:members:staff:chiew-foong-kwong.md",{"_path":222,"title":233,"role":234,"_id":235},"电气与电子工程系系主任","副教授，系主任","content:members:staff:chiew-foong-kwong.zh-CN.md",{"_path":237,"title":238,"name":239,"role":238,"email":240,"scholar":241,"image":242,"category":202,"order":243,"_id":244},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Fdonglei-sun","Assistant Professor of Aerospace Aerodynamics","Dr Donglei Sun","Donglei.Sun@nottingham.edu.cn","https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fcitations?hl=zh-CN&user=C4EmdWMAAAAJ","assets\u002Fdonglei-sun.webp","05","content:members:staff:donglei-sun.md",{"_path":237,"title":246,"role":246,"_id":247},"航空航天空气动力学助理教授","content:members:staff:donglei-sun.zh-CN.md",{"_path":249,"title":238,"name":250,"role":238,"email":251,"scholar":252,"image":253,"category":202,"order":254,"_id":255},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Frichard-adjei","Dr Richard Amankwa Adjei","Richard-Amankwa.Adjei@nottingham.edu.cn","https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fcitations?user=TshunUEAAAAJ&hl=zh-CN&oi=ao","assets\u002Frichard.webp","04","content:members:staff:richard-adjei.md",{"_path":249,"title":246,"role":246,"_id":257},"content:members:staff:richard-adjei.zh-CN.md",{"_path":259,"title":260,"name":261,"role":262,"email":263,"scholar":264,"orcid":265,"image":266,"category":202,"interests":267,"order":278,"_id":279},"\u002Fmembers\u002Fstaff\u002Fsalman-ijaz","Assistant Professor (Lecturer) in Control of Aerospace Systems","Dr Salman Ijaz","Director of Control System Lab","salman.ijaz@nottingham.edu.cn","https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fcitations?user=77HGe2UAAAAJ&hl","0000-0003-1483-4754","assets\u002Fsalman-ijaz.webp",[268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277],"Fault tolerant control of aircraft","Linear parameter varying control of nonlinear systems","Fractional order modeling and control of aircraft system","Control allocation Scheme","Integral sliding mode control","Robust control","Aircraft actuation system (dissimilar redundant actuation system)","Aircraft dynamics and control","Unmanned aerial vehicle system","More Electric Aircrafts","01","content:members:staff:salman-ijaz.md",{"_path":259,"title":281,"role":282,"interests":283,"_id":294},"航空航天控制系统助理教授（讲师）","控制系统实验室主任",[284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293],"飞机容错控制","非线性系统线性参数变化控制","飞机系统分数阶建模与控制","控制分配方案","积分滑模控制","鲁棒控制","飞机作动系统（非相似冗余作动系统）","飞机动力学与控制","无人机系统","多电飞机","content:members:staff:salman-ijaz.zh-CN.md",1786300702160]